DOI: https://doi.org/10.32515/2664-262X.2025.12(43).1.20-30
Intelligent-Contextual Model for the Classification of Internet of Things Environments
About the Authors
Yuriy Pidlisnyi, PhD student in Computer Science, National University "Chernihiv Polytechnic", Chernihiv, Ukraine, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9783-3898, e-mail: ypodlesny@ukr.net
Abstract
This paper presents an intelligent-contextual model for classifying Internet of Things (IoT) environments, based on the comprehensive consideration of key parameters such as the level of embedded intelligence, operational context, security level, and system dynamics. The relevance of the study stems from the rapid growth in the complexity of IoT ecosystems, which are characterized by heterogeneous devices, diverse operating conditions, the need for adaptability to environmental changes, and increased security requirements. A critical analysis of existing IoT classification approaches reveals their major limitations: a narrow focus on purely technical or functional features, inadequate reflection of device behavior and intelligence, and the disregard for operational context and threat landscape.
The developed model addresses these shortcomings and enables more accurate structuring of IoT environments by taking into account their intended purpose, architectural characteristics, and ability to autonomously make decisions. It can be applied for system analysis, risk formalization, optimization of threat response mechanisms, and the design of effective cybersecurity strategies and adaptive control in dynamic environments. The proposed classification makes it possible to generalize existing IoT system types and lays the groundwork for developing new, more flexible and secure architectures. The practical significance of the results lies in their applicability across industries where intelligent data processing, contextual awareness, and resilience to cyberthreats are essential - including Industry 4.0, eHealth, intelligent transport systems, and smart cities.
Keywords
Internet of Things, IoT classification, intelligent systems, security, usage context, system dynamics, adaptation, cybersecurity, intelligent-contextual model
Full Text:
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References
1. Dixit, P., Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., & Gupta, R. (2024). Role of artificial intelligence in Internet of Things systems: A systematic mapping study. Sensors, 24(20), Article 6511. https://www.mdpi.com/1424- 8220/24/20/6511 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
2. Thibaud, M., Chi, H., Zhou, W., & Piramuthu, S. (2018). Internet of Things (IoT) in high-risk environment, health and safety (EHS) industries: A comprehensive review. Decision Support Systems, 108, 79–95. https://www.sciencedirect.com/article/abs/pii/S0167923618300344?via%3Dihub (Accessed April 28, 2025).
3. Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., & Kwak, K. S. (2015). The Internet of Things for health care: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access, 3, 678–708. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7113786 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
4. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347–2376. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7123563 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
5. Dubey, H., Sahoo, P. K., Chahal, P., & Saini, H. (2020). IoT ecosystem: A survey on classification of IoT. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things, 6(21), Article e4. https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.16-5- 2020.2304170 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
6. Gupta, M., Abdelsalam, M., Khorsandroo, S., & Mittal, S. (2022). A review on Internet of Things: Communication protocols, wireless technologies, and applications. In Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems (pp. 353–370). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-2004-2_23 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
7. Hou, Z., Ding, Y., Jiao, Y., Hu, L., & Wu, D. O. (2021). A survey of recent advances in edge-computing- powered artificial intelligence of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(22), 16309–16328. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352386275 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
8. Ferrag, M. A., Friha, O., Kantarci, B., Tihanyi, N., Cordeiro, L., Debbah, M., Hamouda, D., Al-Hawawreh, M., & Choo, K.-K. R. (2023). Edge learning for 6G-enabled Internet of Things: A comprehensive survey of vulnerabilities, datasets, and defenses. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371728275 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
9. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347–2376. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
10. Sicari, S., Rizzardi, A., Grieco, L. A., & Coen-Porisini, A. (2015). Security, privacy and trust in Internet of Things: The road ahead. Computer Networks, 76, 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.008 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
11. Yang, Z., Liu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2020). A survey on security and privacy issues in Internet-of-Things. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316173391 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
12. Khan, M. A., Salah, K., Rehman, M. H. U., Jayaraman, R., Arshad, J., & Madhusudan, G. (2020). A survey on security and privacy issues in edge computing-assisted Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 8, 82649–82674. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3003780 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
13. Bhajantri, N., & Gangadharaiah, B. (2020). A comprehensive survey on resource management in Internet of Things. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 4, 47–58. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348071565 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
14. Zhang, Y., Deng, S., Liu, Y., Taheri, J., & Ranjan, R. (2021). Context-aware security in the Internet of Things: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 187, Article 103110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354857110 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
15. Hassan, R., Elhoseny, M., Mostafa, M. M., & Mehmood, R. (2023). Data anomaly detection in the Internet of Things: A review of current trends and research challenges. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 15, Article 103489. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374498472 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
16. Noaman, A., et al. (2022). Challenges in integration of heterogeneous Internet of Things. Scientific Programming, 2022, Article 8626882. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8626882 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
17. Cortés, A., Juan, A. A., & Pamos, C. (2019). A review on edge computing in smart energy by means of a systematic mapping study. Energies, 12(20), Article 3877. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338245738 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
18. Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. (2011). Internet of Things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011- 0288-5 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
19. ElZemity, A., & Arief, B. (2024). Privacy threats and countermeasures in federated learning for Internet of Things: A systematic review. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2407.18096. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.18096 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
20. Chatterjee, A., & Ahmed, B. S. (2022). IoT anomaly detection methods and applications: A survey. Internet of Things, 18, Article 100168. www.researchgate.net/publication/361621845_IoT_Anomaly_Detection_Methods_and_Applications_A_Survey (Accessed April 28, 2025).
Citations
1. Dixit P., Bhattacharya P., Tanwar S., Gupta R. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Internet of Things Systems: A Systematic Mapping Study. Sensors. 2024. Vol. 24, № 20. Article 6511. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/20/6511 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
2. Thibaud M., Chi H., Zhou W., Piramuthu S. Internet of Things (IoT) in high-risk environment, health and safety (EHS) industries: A comprehensive review. Decision Support Systems. 2018. Vol. 108. P. 79–95. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167923618300344?via%3Dihub (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
3. Islam S. R., Kwak D., Kabir M. H., Hossain M., Kwak K. S. The Internet of Things for Health Care: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Access. 2015. Vol. 3. P. 678–708. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7113786 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
4. Al-Fuqaha A., Guizani M., Mohammadi M., Aledhari M., Ayyash M. Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2015. Vol. 17, № 4. P. 2347–2376. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7123563 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
5. Dubey H., Sahoo P. K., Chahal P., Saini H. IoT Ecosystem — A survey on Classification of IoT. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things. 2020. Vol. 6, № 21. Article e4. URL: https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.16-5-2020.2304170 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
6. Gupta M., Abdelsalam M., Khorsandroo S., Mittal S. A Review on Internet of Things: Communication Protocols, Wireless Technologies, and Applications. In: Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems. Springer, 2022. P. 353–370. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-2004-2_23 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
7. Hou Z., Ding Y., Jiao Y., Hu L., Wu D. O. A Survey of Recent Advances in Edge-Computing-Powered Artificial Intelligence of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2021. Vol. 8, № 22. P. 16309–16328. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352386275_A_Survey_of_Recent_Advances_in_Edge- Computing-Powered_Artificial_Intelligence_of_Things (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
8. Ferrag M. A., Friha O., Kantarci B., Tihanyi N., Cordeiro L., Debbah M., Hamouda D., Al-Hawawreh M., Choo K.-K. R. Edge Learning for 6G-enabled Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Datasets, and Defenses. 2023. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371728275_Edge_Learning_for_6G- enabled_Internet_of_Things_A_Comprehensive_Survey_of_Vulnerabilities_Datasets_and_Defenses (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
9. Al-Fuqaha A., Guizani M., Mohammadi M., Aledhari M., Ayyash M. Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2015. Vol. 17, № 4. P. 2347–2376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
10. Sicari S., Rizzardi A., Grieco L. A., Coen-Porisini A. Security, Privacy and Trust in Internet of Things: The Road Ahead. Computer Networks. 2015. Vol. 76. P. 146–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.008 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
11. Yang Z., Liu L., Zhang Y. A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Internet-of-Things. 2020. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316173391 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
12. Khan M. A., Salah K., Rehman M. H. U., Jayaraman R., Arshad J., Madhusudan G. A survey on security and privacy issues in edge computing-assisted Internet of Things. IEEE Access. 2020. Vol. 8. P. 82649–82674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3003780 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
13. Bhajantri N., Gangadharaiah B. A Comprehensive Survey on Resource Management in Internet of Things. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology. 2020. № 4. P. 47–58. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348071565 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
14. Zhang Y., Deng S., Liu Y., Taheri J., Ranjan R. Context-aware security in the Internet of Things: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2021. Vol. 187. Article 103110. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354857110 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
15. Hassan R., Elhoseny M., Mostafa M. M., Mehmood R. Data Anomaly Detection in the Internet of Things: A Review of Current Trends and Research Challenges. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. 2023. Vol. 15. Article 103489. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374498472 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
16. Noaman A., et al. Challenges in Integration of Heterogeneous Internet of Things. Scientific Programming. 2022. Article ID 8626882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8626882 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
17. Cortés A., Juan A. A., Pamos C. A review on edge computing in smart energy by means of a systematic mapping study. Energies. 2019. Vol. 12, № 20. Article 3877. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338245738_A_Review_on_Edge_Computing_in_Smart_Energy_b y_means_of_a_Systematic_Mapping_Study (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
18. Bandyopadhyay D., Sen J. Internet of Things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications. 2011. Vol. 58, № 1. P. 49–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0288-5 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
19. ElZemity A., Arief B. Privacy threats and countermeasures in federated learning for Internet of Things: A systematic review. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2407.18096. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.18096 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
20. Chatterjee A., Ahmed B. S. IoT Anomaly Detection Methods and Applications: A Survey. Internet of Things. 2022. Vol. 18. Article 100168. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361621845_IoT_Anomaly_Detection_Methods_and_Applications_ A_Survey (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
Copyright (©) 2025, Yuriy Pidlisnyi
Intelligent-Contextual Model for the Classification of Internet of Things Environments
About the Authors
Yuriy Pidlisnyi, PhD student in Computer Science, National University "Chernihiv Polytechnic", Chernihiv, Ukraine, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9783-3898, e-mail: ypodlesny@ukr.net
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Dixit, P., Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., & Gupta, R. (2024). Role of artificial intelligence in Internet of Things systems: A systematic mapping study. Sensors, 24(20), Article 6511. https://www.mdpi.com/1424- 8220/24/20/6511 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
2. Thibaud, M., Chi, H., Zhou, W., & Piramuthu, S. (2018). Internet of Things (IoT) in high-risk environment, health and safety (EHS) industries: A comprehensive review. Decision Support Systems, 108, 79–95. https://www.sciencedirect.com/article/abs/pii/S0167923618300344?via%3Dihub (Accessed April 28, 2025).
3. Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., & Kwak, K. S. (2015). The Internet of Things for health care: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access, 3, 678–708. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7113786 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
4. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347–2376. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7123563 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
5. Dubey, H., Sahoo, P. K., Chahal, P., & Saini, H. (2020). IoT ecosystem: A survey on classification of IoT. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things, 6(21), Article e4. https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.16-5- 2020.2304170 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
6. Gupta, M., Abdelsalam, M., Khorsandroo, S., & Mittal, S. (2022). A review on Internet of Things: Communication protocols, wireless technologies, and applications. In Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems (pp. 353–370). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-2004-2_23 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
7. Hou, Z., Ding, Y., Jiao, Y., Hu, L., & Wu, D. O. (2021). A survey of recent advances in edge-computing- powered artificial intelligence of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(22), 16309–16328. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352386275 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
8. Ferrag, M. A., Friha, O., Kantarci, B., Tihanyi, N., Cordeiro, L., Debbah, M., Hamouda, D., Al-Hawawreh, M., & Choo, K.-K. R. (2023). Edge learning for 6G-enabled Internet of Things: A comprehensive survey of vulnerabilities, datasets, and defenses. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371728275 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
9. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347–2376. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
10. Sicari, S., Rizzardi, A., Grieco, L. A., & Coen-Porisini, A. (2015). Security, privacy and trust in Internet of Things: The road ahead. Computer Networks, 76, 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.008 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
11. Yang, Z., Liu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2020). A survey on security and privacy issues in Internet-of-Things. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316173391 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
12. Khan, M. A., Salah, K., Rehman, M. H. U., Jayaraman, R., Arshad, J., & Madhusudan, G. (2020). A survey on security and privacy issues in edge computing-assisted Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 8, 82649–82674. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3003780 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
13. Bhajantri, N., & Gangadharaiah, B. (2020). A comprehensive survey on resource management in Internet of Things. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 4, 47–58. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348071565 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
14. Zhang, Y., Deng, S., Liu, Y., Taheri, J., & Ranjan, R. (2021). Context-aware security in the Internet of Things: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 187, Article 103110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354857110 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
15. Hassan, R., Elhoseny, M., Mostafa, M. M., & Mehmood, R. (2023). Data anomaly detection in the Internet of Things: A review of current trends and research challenges. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 15, Article 103489. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374498472 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
16. Noaman, A., et al. (2022). Challenges in integration of heterogeneous Internet of Things. Scientific Programming, 2022, Article 8626882. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8626882 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
17. Cortés, A., Juan, A. A., & Pamos, C. (2019). A review on edge computing in smart energy by means of a systematic mapping study. Energies, 12(20), Article 3877. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338245738 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
18. Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sen, J. (2011). Internet of Things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011- 0288-5 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
19. ElZemity, A., & Arief, B. (2024). Privacy threats and countermeasures in federated learning for Internet of Things: A systematic review. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2407.18096. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.18096 (Accessed April 28, 2025).
20. Chatterjee, A., & Ahmed, B. S. (2022). IoT anomaly detection methods and applications: A survey. Internet of Things, 18, Article 100168. www.researchgate.net/publication/361621845_IoT_Anomaly_Detection_Methods_and_Applications_A_Survey (Accessed April 28, 2025).
Citations
1. Dixit P., Bhattacharya P., Tanwar S., Gupta R. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Internet of Things Systems: A Systematic Mapping Study. Sensors. 2024. Vol. 24, № 20. Article 6511. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/20/6511 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
2. Thibaud M., Chi H., Zhou W., Piramuthu S. Internet of Things (IoT) in high-risk environment, health and safety (EHS) industries: A comprehensive review. Decision Support Systems. 2018. Vol. 108. P. 79–95. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167923618300344?via%3Dihub (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
3. Islam S. R., Kwak D., Kabir M. H., Hossain M., Kwak K. S. The Internet of Things for Health Care: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Access. 2015. Vol. 3. P. 678–708. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7113786 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
4. Al-Fuqaha A., Guizani M., Mohammadi M., Aledhari M., Ayyash M. Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2015. Vol. 17, № 4. P. 2347–2376. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7123563 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
5. Dubey H., Sahoo P. K., Chahal P., Saini H. IoT Ecosystem — A survey on Classification of IoT. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things. 2020. Vol. 6, № 21. Article e4. URL: https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.16-5-2020.2304170 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
6. Gupta M., Abdelsalam M., Khorsandroo S., Mittal S. A Review on Internet of Things: Communication Protocols, Wireless Technologies, and Applications. In: Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems. Springer, 2022. P. 353–370. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-2004-2_23 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
7. Hou Z., Ding Y., Jiao Y., Hu L., Wu D. O. A Survey of Recent Advances in Edge-Computing-Powered Artificial Intelligence of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2021. Vol. 8, № 22. P. 16309–16328. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352386275_A_Survey_of_Recent_Advances_in_Edge- Computing-Powered_Artificial_Intelligence_of_Things (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
8. Ferrag M. A., Friha O., Kantarci B., Tihanyi N., Cordeiro L., Debbah M., Hamouda D., Al-Hawawreh M., Choo K.-K. R. Edge Learning for 6G-enabled Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Datasets, and Defenses. 2023. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371728275_Edge_Learning_for_6G- enabled_Internet_of_Things_A_Comprehensive_Survey_of_Vulnerabilities_Datasets_and_Defenses (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
9. Al-Fuqaha A., Guizani M., Mohammadi M., Aledhari M., Ayyash M. Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2015. Vol. 17, № 4. P. 2347–2376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
10. Sicari S., Rizzardi A., Grieco L. A., Coen-Porisini A. Security, Privacy and Trust in Internet of Things: The Road Ahead. Computer Networks. 2015. Vol. 76. P. 146–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.008 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
11. Yang Z., Liu L., Zhang Y. A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Internet-of-Things. 2020. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316173391 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
12. Khan M. A., Salah K., Rehman M. H. U., Jayaraman R., Arshad J., Madhusudan G. A survey on security and privacy issues in edge computing-assisted Internet of Things. IEEE Access. 2020. Vol. 8. P. 82649–82674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3003780 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
13. Bhajantri N., Gangadharaiah B. A Comprehensive Survey on Resource Management in Internet of Things. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology. 2020. № 4. P. 47–58. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348071565 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
14. Zhang Y., Deng S., Liu Y., Taheri J., Ranjan R. Context-aware security in the Internet of Things: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2021. Vol. 187. Article 103110. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354857110 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
15. Hassan R., Elhoseny M., Mostafa M. M., Mehmood R. Data Anomaly Detection in the Internet of Things: A Review of Current Trends and Research Challenges. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. 2023. Vol. 15. Article 103489. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374498472 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
16. Noaman A., et al. Challenges in Integration of Heterogeneous Internet of Things. Scientific Programming. 2022. Article ID 8626882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8626882 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
17. Cortés A., Juan A. A., Pamos C. A review on edge computing in smart energy by means of a systematic mapping study. Energies. 2019. Vol. 12, № 20. Article 3877. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338245738_A_Review_on_Edge_Computing_in_Smart_Energy_b y_means_of_a_Systematic_Mapping_Study (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
18. Bandyopadhyay D., Sen J. Internet of Things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications. 2011. Vol. 58, № 1. P. 49–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0288-5 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
19. ElZemity A., Arief B. Privacy threats and countermeasures in federated learning for Internet of Things: A systematic review. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2407.18096. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.18096 (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
20. Chatterjee A., Ahmed B. S. IoT Anomaly Detection Methods and Applications: A Survey. Internet of Things. 2022. Vol. 18. Article 100168. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361621845_IoT_Anomaly_Detection_Methods_and_Applications_ A_Survey (дата звернення: 28.04.2025).
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