DOI: https://doi.org/10.32515/2664-262X.2024.10(41).16-29
Innovative Solutions and Benefits of Microservice Architecture for Software Products
About the Authors
Oleksandr Ulichev, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, e-mail: askin79@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3736-9613
Oleksandr Dorenskyi, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, e-mail: dorensky@ukr.net, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7625-9022
Victor Kulahin, post-graduate, Private Higher Education Establishment "European University" Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: victor@kulagin.com.ua,
Abstract
The rapid advancement of technology and increasing market competition compel businesses to adapt swiftly by implementing new features and services to meet user demands. Traditional monolithic software architectures often hinder this agility due to challenges in scalability and maintenance. This article aims to analyze microservice architecture to solve these challenges, exploring its historical development, current trends, practical implementation aspects, and comparison with alternative architectural styles such as modulith architecture.
The study examines the limitations of monolithic architectures in handling growing complexity and scaling requirements. It explores the emergence of microservice architecture, highlighting core characteristics like independent services, decentralized data management, and autonomous deployment. The evolution influenced by agile methodologies and DevOps practices is discussed. A comparative analysis with other architectural styles—including monolithic, service-oriented, modular monolithic, and serverless architectures—identifies contexts where microservices are most beneficial. The research reviews essential tools and technologies for implementing microservices, such as Docker for containerization, Kubernetes for orchestration, and service meshes like Istio and Linkerd. Practical cases from industry leaders like Netflix and Amazon illustrate successful adoption and the challenges faced during implementation.
Findings indicate that while microservice architecture offers significant scalability, flexibility, and rapid deployment advantages, it also introduces complexities related to distributed system management and security. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting best practices and standards, such as those promoted by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation and utilizing modern tools to mitigate these challenges. For organizations where full microservices adoption may be impractical, modulith architecture is a viable alternative that combines modularity with deployment simplicity. The article concludes that the choice of architecture should be carefully aligned with the project's specific needs, resources, and long-term strategic goals.
Keywords
microservice architecture, containerization, scalability, orchestration, distributed systems, DevOps
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References
1. M. Fowler and J. Lewis, "Microservices," martinfowler.com, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
2. S. Newman, Building Microservices: Designing Fine-Grained Systems, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2021.
3. M. Beckers, "Understanding the potential of Modulith architecture," Worldline Tech Blog, Jan. 2024. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://blog.worldline.tech/2024/01/23/modulith.html
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20. W. Morgan, "What Is a Service Mesh?," Buoyant, 2017. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://buoyant.io/what-is-a-service-mesh
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26. B. Burns, J. Beda, and K. Hightower, Kubernetes: Up and Running, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2019.
27. C. Ebert and G. Gallardo, "DevOps," IEEE Softw., vol. 33, no. 3. P. 94–100, May/Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MS.2016.68.
28. R. T. Fielding and R. N. Taylor, "Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture," ACM Trans. Internet Technol., vol. 2, no. 2. P. 115–150, May 2002, doi: 10.1145/514183.514185.
29. D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework," RFC 6749, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.17487/RFC6749.
Citations
1. M. Fowler and J. Lewis, "Microservices," martinfowler.com, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
2. S. Newman, Building Microservices: Designing Fine-Grained Systems, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2021.
3. M. Beckers, "Understanding the potential of Modulith architecture," Worldline Tech Blog, Jan. 2024. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://blog.worldline.tech/2024/01/23/modulith.html
4. N. Dragoni et al., "Microservices: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow," in Present and Ulterior Software Engineering, M. Mazzara and B. Meyer, Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017. P. 195–216, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67425-4_12.
5. O'Reilly Media, "Microservices Adoption in 2020," O'Reilly Radar, 2020. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.oreilly.com/radar/microservices-adoption-in-2020/
6. Cloud Native Computing Foundation, "CNCF Survey 2020," CNCF, Nov. 2020. Accessed Oct. 3, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.cncf.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CNCF_Survey_Report_2020.pdf
7. International Data Corporation (IDC), "IDC Forecasts a Robust Market for Enterprise Applications as Organizations Pursue Digital Era Strategies," IDC, Sep. 2023. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS51107323
8. M. Fowler, Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2012.
9. I. Nadareishvili, R. Mitra, M. McLarty, and M. Amundsen, Microservice Architecture: Aligning Principles, Practices, and Culture. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2016.
10. C. Richardson, Microservices Patterns: With Examples in Java. Shelter Island, NY, USA: Manning Publications, 2018.
11. M. E. Conway, "How Do Committees Invent?," Datamation, vol. 14, no. 4. P. 28–31, Apr. 1968.
12. L. Chen, "Continuous Delivery: Huge Benefits, but Challenges Too," IEEE Softw., vol. 32, no. 2. P. 50–54, Mar./Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1109/MS.2015.27.
13. A. E. Eivy, "Be Wary of the Economics of 'Serverless' Cloud Computing," IEEE Cloud Comput., vol. 4, no. 2. P. 6–12, Mar./Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MCC.2017.32.
14. E. Evans, Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2003.
15. J. Humble and J. Molesky, "Why Enterprises Must Adopt DevOps to Enable Continuous Delivery," Cutter IT J., vol. 24, no. 8. P. 6–12, Aug. 2011.
16. D. Merkel, "Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment," Linux Journal, vol. 2014, no. 239, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 5, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2600239.2600241
17. B. Burns, B. Grant, D. Oppenheimer, E. Brewer, and J. Wilkes, "Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes," Commun. ACM, vol. 59, no. 5. P. 50–57, May 2016, doi: 10.1145/2890784.
18. T. Erl, Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2005.
19. Airbnb Engineering, "Dynamic Kubernetes Cluster Scaling at Airbnb," Airbnb Engineering & Data Science Blog, May 23, 2022. Accessed Oct. 4, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering/dynamic-kubernetes-cluster-scaling-at-airbnb-d79ae3afa132
20. W. Morgan, "What Is a Service Mesh?," Buoyant, 2017. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://buoyant.io/what-is-a-service-mesh
21. R. Hincapie, "The Ultimate Guide to Becoming an Istio Certified Administrator," Medium, May 19, 2023. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://richincapie.medium.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-becoming-an-istio-certified-administrator-160b845e7490
22. C. Gormley and Z. Tong, Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2015.
23. A. Cockcroft, "Migrating to Microservices," Nginx, 2015. Accessed Oct. 10, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.nginx.com/blog/microservices-at-netflix-architectural-best-practices/
24. M. Broy, I. H. Krüger, A. Pretschner, and C. Salzmann, "Engineering Automotive Software," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 2. P. 356–373, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2006.888386.
25. S. Tilkov and S. Vinoski, "Node.js: Using JavaScript to Build High-Performance Network Programs," IEEE Internet Comput., vol. 14, no. 6. P. 80–83, Nov./Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/MIC.2010.145.
26. B. Burns, J. Beda, and K. Hightower, Kubernetes: Up and Running, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2019.
27. C. Ebert and G. Gallardo, "DevOps," IEEE Softw., vol. 33, no. 3. P. 94–100, May/Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MS.2016.68.
28. R. T. Fielding and R. N. Taylor, "Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture," ACM Trans. Internet Technol., vol. 2, no. 2. P. 115–150, May 2002, doi: 10.1145/514183.514185.
29. D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework," RFC 6749, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.17487/RFC6749.
Copyright (c) 2024 Oleksandr Ulichev, Oleksandr Dorenskyi, Victor Kulahin
Innovative Solutions and Benefits of Microservice Architecture for Software Products
About the Authors
Oleksandr Ulichev, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, e-mail: askin79@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3736-9613
Oleksandr Dorenskyi, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, e-mail: dorensky@ukr.net, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7625-9022
Victor Kulahin, post-graduate, Private Higher Education Establishment "European University" Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: victor@kulagin.com.ua,
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. M. Fowler and J. Lewis, "Microservices," martinfowler.com, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
2. S. Newman, Building Microservices: Designing Fine-Grained Systems, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2021.
3. M. Beckers, "Understanding the potential of Modulith architecture," Worldline Tech Blog, Jan. 2024. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://blog.worldline.tech/2024/01/23/modulith.html
4. N. Dragoni et al., "Microservices: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow," in Present and Ulterior Software Engineering, M. Mazzara and B. Meyer, Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017. P. 195–216, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67425-4_12.
5. O'Reilly Media, "Microservices Adoption in 2020," O'Reilly Radar, 2020. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.oreilly.com/radar/microservices-adoption-in-2020/
6. Cloud Native Computing Foundation, "CNCF Survey 2020," CNCF, Nov. 2020. Accessed Oct. 3, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.cncf.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CNCF_Survey_Report_2020.pdf
7. International Data Corporation (IDC), "IDC Forecasts a Robust Market for Enterprise Applications as Organizations Pursue Digital Era Strategies," IDC, Sep. 2023. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS51107323
8. M. Fowler, Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2012.
9. I. Nadareishvili, R. Mitra, M. McLarty, and M. Amundsen, Microservice Architecture: Aligning Principles, Practices, and Culture. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2016.
10. C. Richardson, Microservices Patterns: With Examples in Java. Shelter Island, NY, USA: Manning Publications, 2018.
11. M. E. Conway, "How Do Committees Invent?," Datamation, vol. 14, no. 4. P. 28–31, Apr. 1968.
12. L. Chen, "Continuous Delivery: Huge Benefits, but Challenges Too," IEEE Softw., vol. 32, no. 2. P. 50–54, Mar./Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1109/MS.2015.27.
13. A. E. Eivy, "Be Wary of the Economics of 'Serverless' Cloud Computing," IEEE Cloud Comput., vol. 4, no. 2. P. 6–12, Mar./Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MCC.2017.32.
14. E. Evans, Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2003.
15. J. Humble and J. Molesky, "Why Enterprises Must Adopt DevOps to Enable Continuous Delivery," Cutter IT J., vol. 24, no. 8. P. 6–12, Aug. 2011.
16. D. Merkel, "Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment," Linux Journal, vol. 2014, no. 239, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 5, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2600239.2600241
17. B. Burns, B. Grant, D. Oppenheimer, E. Brewer, and J. Wilkes, "Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes," Commun. ACM, vol. 59, no. 5. P. 50–57, May 2016, doi: 10.1145/2890784.
18. T. Erl, Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2005.
19. Airbnb Engineering, "Dynamic Kubernetes Cluster Scaling at Airbnb," Airbnb Engineering & Data Science Blog, May 23, 2022. Accessed Oct. 4, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering/dynamic-kubernetes-cluster-scaling-at-airbnb-d79ae3afa132
20. W. Morgan, "What Is a Service Mesh?," Buoyant, 2017. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://buoyant.io/what-is-a-service-mesh
21. R. Hincapie, "The Ultimate Guide to Becoming an Istio Certified Administrator," Medium, May 19, 2023. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://richincapie.medium.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-becoming-an-istio-certified-administrator-160b845e7490
22. C. Gormley and Z. Tong, Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2015.
23. A. Cockcroft, "Migrating to Microservices," Nginx, 2015. Accessed Oct. 10, 2023. [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.nginx.com/blog/microservices-at-netflix-architectural-best-practices/
24. M. Broy, I. H. Krüger, A. Pretschner, and C. Salzmann, "Engineering Automotive Software," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 2. P. 356–373, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2006.888386.
25. S. Tilkov and S. Vinoski, "Node.js: Using JavaScript to Build High-Performance Network Programs," IEEE Internet Comput., vol. 14, no. 6. P. 80–83, Nov./Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/MIC.2010.145.
26. B. Burns, J. Beda, and K. Hightower, Kubernetes: Up and Running, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2019.
27. C. Ebert and G. Gallardo, "DevOps," IEEE Softw., vol. 33, no. 3. P. 94–100, May/Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MS.2016.68.
28. R. T. Fielding and R. N. Taylor, "Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture," ACM Trans. Internet Technol., vol. 2, no. 2. P. 115–150, May 2002, doi: 10.1145/514183.514185.
29. D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework," RFC 6749, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.17487/RFC6749.
Citations
1. M. Fowler and J. Lewis, "Microservices," martinfowler.com, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
2. S. Newman, Building Microservices: Designing Fine-Grained Systems, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2021.
3. M. Beckers, "Understanding the potential of Modulith architecture," Worldline Tech Blog, Jan. 2024. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://blog.worldline.tech/2024/01/23/modulith.html
4. N. Dragoni et al., "Microservices: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow," in Present and Ulterior Software Engineering, M. Mazzara and B. Meyer, Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017. P. 195–216, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67425-4_12.
5. O'Reilly Media, "Microservices Adoption in 2020," O'Reilly Radar, 2020. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.oreilly.com/radar/microservices-adoption-in-2020/
6. Cloud Native Computing Foundation, "CNCF Survey 2020," CNCF, Nov. 2020. Accessed Oct. 3, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.cncf.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CNCF_Survey_Report_2020.pdf
7. International Data Corporation (IDC), "IDC Forecasts a Robust Market for Enterprise Applications as Organizations Pursue Digital Era Strategies," IDC, Sep. 2023. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS51107323
8. M. Fowler, Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2012.
9. I. Nadareishvili, R. Mitra, M. McLarty, and M. Amundsen, Microservice Architecture: Aligning Principles, Practices, and Culture. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2016.
10. C. Richardson, Microservices Patterns: With Examples in Java. Shelter Island, NY, USA: Manning Publications, 2018.
11. M. E. Conway, "How Do Committees Invent?," Datamation, vol. 14, no. 4. P. 28–31, Apr. 1968.
12. L. Chen, "Continuous Delivery: Huge Benefits, but Challenges Too," IEEE Softw., vol. 32, no. 2. P. 50–54, Mar./Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1109/MS.2015.27.
13. A. E. Eivy, "Be Wary of the Economics of 'Serverless' Cloud Computing," IEEE Cloud Comput., vol. 4, no. 2. P. 6–12, Mar./Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MCC.2017.32.
14. E. Evans, Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley, 2003.
15. J. Humble and J. Molesky, "Why Enterprises Must Adopt DevOps to Enable Continuous Delivery," Cutter IT J., vol. 24, no. 8. P. 6–12, Aug. 2011.
16. D. Merkel, "Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment," Linux Journal, vol. 2014, no. 239, Mar. 2014. Accessed Oct. 5, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2600239.2600241
17. B. Burns, B. Grant, D. Oppenheimer, E. Brewer, and J. Wilkes, "Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes," Commun. ACM, vol. 59, no. 5. P. 50–57, May 2016, doi: 10.1145/2890784.
18. T. Erl, Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2005.
19. Airbnb Engineering, "Dynamic Kubernetes Cluster Scaling at Airbnb," Airbnb Engineering & Data Science Blog, May 23, 2022. Accessed Oct. 4, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering/dynamic-kubernetes-cluster-scaling-at-airbnb-d79ae3afa132
20. W. Morgan, "What Is a Service Mesh?," Buoyant, 2017. Accessed Oct. 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://buoyant.io/what-is-a-service-mesh
21. R. Hincapie, "The Ultimate Guide to Becoming an Istio Certified Administrator," Medium, May 19, 2023. Accessed Oct. 2, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://richincapie.medium.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-becoming-an-istio-certified-administrator-160b845e7490
22. C. Gormley and Z. Tong, Elasticsearch: The Definitive Guide. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2015.
23. A. Cockcroft, "Migrating to Microservices," Nginx, 2015. Accessed Oct. 10, 2023. [Online]. URL: https://www.nginx.com/blog/microservices-at-netflix-architectural-best-practices/
24. M. Broy, I. H. Krüger, A. Pretschner, and C. Salzmann, "Engineering Automotive Software," Proc. IEEE, vol. 95, no. 2. P. 356–373, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2006.888386.
25. S. Tilkov and S. Vinoski, "Node.js: Using JavaScript to Build High-Performance Network Programs," IEEE Internet Comput., vol. 14, no. 6. P. 80–83, Nov./Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/MIC.2010.145.
26. B. Burns, J. Beda, and K. Hightower, Kubernetes: Up and Running, 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, 2019.
27. C. Ebert and G. Gallardo, "DevOps," IEEE Softw., vol. 33, no. 3. P. 94–100, May/Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MS.2016.68.
28. R. T. Fielding and R. N. Taylor, "Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture," ACM Trans. Internet Technol., vol. 2, no. 2. P. 115–150, May 2002, doi: 10.1145/514183.514185.
29. D. Hardt, "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework," RFC 6749, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.17487/RFC6749.