DOI: https://doi.org/10.32515/2664-262X.2024.9(40).1.205-217
Fuzzy control system for the electrical complex of street lighting in settlements
About the Authors
Oleh Sinchuk, Professor, Doctor in Technics (Doctor of Technic Sciences), Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, e-mail: sinchuk@knu.edu.ua, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7621-9979
Oleksii Mykhailenko, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, e-mail: mykhailenko@knu.edu.ua , ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2898-6652
Viktor Horshkov, Mining and Electromechanical College of Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, e-mail: horshkov@knu.edu.ua
Abstract
The article deals with the issue of improving the energy efficiency of electrical systems that provide comfortable living conditions for the population of cities and towns, namely street lighting.
A fuzzy control system for a group of LED luminaires of a road section is created that regulates the power of the lighting devices and, accordingly, their brightness and controls the connection to a power source (either to the grid or to a battery) depending on the level of illumination, traffic intensity and electricity tariff. It was found that a controlled system with combined power supply is more efficient. It reduces electricity consumption on a typical summer night by 75.31% and 74.93%, and on a winter night by 80.4% and 77.68% compared to the traditional street lighting option, when the lighting network is either completely shut down at night or operates at only 50% of capacity, respectively.
It can be stated that the fuzzy control system for the electrical complex of street lighting is energy efficient. It is also recommended that specialized enterprises in settlements responsible for the lighting network pay more attention not only to replacing light sources with new, more energy-efficient ones, but also to introducing alternative power sources for lighting installations that allow charging batteries during daylight hours, such as solar panels. This, along with the use of the fuzzy control system under consideration, will make it possible to save even more on electricity costs, which is very important in today's environment.
Keywords
street lighting, energy efficiency, control, fuzzy inference, modeling
Full Text:
PDF
References
1. Saltykov, V.O. (2009). Osvitlennia mist: navch. posibnyk. [Lighting of cities: a textbook]. Kharkiv: KhNAMH [in Ukrainian].
2. Zovnishnie osvitlennia. Ofitsijnyj portal Kyieva : veb-sajt. [Outdoor lighting. Official portal of Kyiv: website]. Retrieved from: https://kyivcity.gov.ua/navkolyshnie_seredovyshche_mista/ vulychne_osvitlennia/zovnishnie_osvitlennia/ [in Ukrainian].
3. U Poltavs'kij hromadi zminyly hrafik zovnishn'oho osvitlennia: veb-sajt. [Outdoor lighting schedule changed in Poltava community]. (2024, April 10). Suspil'ne Poltava. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/poltava/540495-v-poltavskij-gromadi-zminili-grafik-zovnisnogo-osvitlenna/ [in Ukrainian].
4. Z 1 zhovtnia u Kryvomu Rozi zminiat' hrafik zovnishn'oho osvitlennia vulyts'. Rudana : veb-sajt. [Starting October 1, Kryvyi Rih will change its street lighting schedule] (2024, April 10). Rudana. Retrieved from: https://rudana.com.ua/news/z-1-zhovtnya-u-kryvomu-rozi-zminyat-grafik-zovnishnogo-osvitlennya-vulyc [in Ukrainian].
5. Alhamwi, A., Unaichi, C., & Medjroubi, W. (2021). Modeling Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Using Open Source Data Sets. ETG Congress 2021, 1–6. Retrieved from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9469640 [in English].
6. Kumar, S., Deshpande, A., Ho, S. S., Ku, J. S., & Sarma, S. E. (2016). Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Monitoring Using a Mobile Sensor Platform. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(12), 4981–4994. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2552249 [in English].
7. Liu, Y. (2018). Research on the Innovation of Urban Street Visualization Light Monitoring System based on GIS Technology. 2017 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computer (MACMC 2017), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.2991/macmc-17.2018.5 [in English].
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11. Agramelal, F., Sadik, M., Moubarak, Y., & Abouzahir, S. (2023). Smart Street Light Control: A Review on Methods, Innovations, and Extended Applications. Energies, 16(21), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217415 [in English].
12. Yan, P., & Wang, J. (2022). Intelligent Street Light Control System Based on Fuzzy Control Technology. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science, 5(4). 35–40. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2022.050406 [in English].
13. Wang, J., & Yan, P. (2022). Intelligent Street Light Control System Based on Fuzzy Control Algorithm. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science, 5(7). 27–32. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2022.050705 [in English].
14. Satam, I. A. (2022). Fuzzy-based smart system for controlling road lights. Vojnotehnički Glasnik, 70(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg70-36670 [in English].
15. Zeng, J., Ni, W., Zhang, R., Shi, L., Guo, C., & Chen, Y. (2018). Intelligent Street Lamp Control System with Dynamic Light Control Function. 2018 17th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering and Science (DCABES), 181–183. https://doi.org/10.1109/DCABES.2018.00054 [in English].
16. Wu, H., Li, C., & Duan, G. (2024). Research on a fuzzy algorithm for intelligent power-saving control of urban street lamps. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction, 177(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.23.00010 [in English].
17. Ai, M., Wang, P., & Ma, W. (2021). Research and application of smart streetlamp based on fuzzy control method. Procedia Computer Science, 183, 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.02.069 [in English].
18. Shadli, A. A. A., & Hanafi, D. (2020). Development of An Intelligence Street Light Using Fuzzy Logic in Control System. Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1(1), Article 1 [in English].
19. Shaheen, H. I., Gapit, M., Martinović, A., & Lešić, V. (2023). Street Lighting Optimal Dimming with Model Predictive Control. 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 8864–8869. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC49753.2023.10383919
20. Kolasa, M. (2016). The concept of intelligent system for street lighting control using artificial neural networks. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 1(7), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2016.07.05
21. Moretti, F., Pizzuti, S., Annunziato, M., & Panzieri, S. (2013). Advanced Street Lighting Control through Neural Network Ensembling. SMART 2013, The Second International Conference on Smart Systems, Devices and Technologies, 76–81.
22. Radiometry and photometry in astronomy. stjarnhimlen.se. Retrieved from: https://www.stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html (Last accessed: 10.04.2024).
23. DBN V.2.5-28:2018 Pryrodne i shtuchne osvitlennia [DBN V.2.5-28:2018 Natural and artificial lighting]. Retrieved from: https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/DBN00078 [in Ukrainian].
24. He, H., Wang, J., Wei, H., Ye, C., & Ding, Y. (2016). Fractal behavior of traffic volume on urban expressway through adaptive fractal analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 443, 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.10.004 [in English].
25. Venkatanarayana, R., Smith, B. L., & Demetsky, M. J. (2007). Quantum-Frequency Algorithm for Automated Identification of Traffic Patterns. Transportation Research Record, 2024(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.3141/2024-02 [in English].
26. Järv, O., Ahas, R., Saluveer, E., Derudder, B., & Witlox, F. (2012). Mobile Phones in a Traffic Flow: A Geographical Perspective to Evening Rush Hour Traffic Analysis Using Call Detail Records. PLOS ONE, 7(11), e49171. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049171 [in English].
27. Zambrano-Martinez, J. L., Calafate, C. T., Soler, D., Cano, J.-C., & Manzoni, P. (2018). Modeling and Characterization of Traffic Flows in Urban Environments. Sensors, 18(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072020 [in English].
Citations
1. Салтиков В.О. Освітлення міст: навч. посібник. Харків: ХНАМГ, 2009. 221 с.
2. Зовнішнє освітлення. Офіційний портал Києва : веб-сайт. URL: https://kyivcity.gov.ua/navkolyshnie_seredovyshche_mista/vulychne_osvitlennia/zovnishnie_osvitlennia/ (дата звернення: 10.03.2024).
3. У Полтавській громаді змінили графік зовнішнього освітлення. Суспільне Полтава : веб-сайт. URL: https://suspilne.media/poltava/540495-v-poltavskij-gromadi-zminili-grafik-zovnisnogo-osvitlenna/ (дата звернення: 10.03.2024).
4. З 1 жовтня у Кривому Розі змінять графік зовнішнього освітлення вулиць. Рудана : веб-сайт. URL: https://rudana.com.ua/news/z-1-zhovtnya-u-kryvomu-rozi-zminyat-grafik-zovnishnogo-osvitlennya-vulyc (дата звернення: 10.03.2024).
5. Alhamwi A., Unaichi C., Medjroubi W. Modeling Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Using Open Source Data Sets. ETG Congress 2021. 2021. P. 1–6. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9469640
6. Kumar S., Deshpande A., Ho S. S., Ku J. S., Sarma S. E. Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Monitoring Using a Mobile Sensor Platform. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2016. Vol. 16, No 12. P. 4981–4994. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2552249
7. Liu Y. Research on the Innovation of Urban Street Visualization Light Monitoring System based on GIS Technology. 2017 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computer (MACMC 2017). 2018. P. 19–22. https://doi.org/10.2991/macmc-17.2018.5
8. Omar A., AlMaeeni S., Attia H., Takruri M., Altunaiji A., Sanduleanu M., Shubair R., Ashhab M. S., Al Ali M., Al Hebsi G. Smart City: Recent Advances in Intelligent Street Lighting Systems Based on IoT. Journal of Sensors. 2022. e5249187. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5249187
9. Kabir M. H., Al Noman A., Al Afiq A., Raju R. H., Hasan M. N., Ahmad. Design and Implement IoT-Based Intelligent Manageable Smart Street Lighting Systems for Future Smart City. Engineering Proceedings. 2023. Vol. 56, No 1. Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15535
10. Balázs L., Braun F., Lengyel J. Energy Saving Potential of Traffic-Regulated Street Lighting. Sustainability. 2023. Vol. 15, No 8. Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086750
11. Agramelal F., Sadik M., Moubarak Y., Abouzahir S. Smart Street Light Control: A Review on Methods, Innovations, and Extended Applications. Energies. 2023. Vol. 16, No 21. Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217415
12. Yan P., Wang J. Intelligent Street Light Control System Based on Fuzzy Control Technology. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science. 2022. Vol. 5, No 4. P. 35–40. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2022.050406
13. Wang J., Yan P. Intelligent Street Light Control System Based on Fuzzy Control Algorithm. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science. 2022. Vol. 5, No 7. P. 27–32. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2022.050705
14. Satam I. A. Fuzzy-based smart system for controlling road lights. Vojnotehnički Glasnik. 2022. Vol. 70, No 2. P. 297–313. https://doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg70-36670
15. Zeng J., Ni W., Zhang R., Shi L., Guo C., Chen Y. Intelligent Street Lamp Control System with Dynamic Light Control Function. 2018 17th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering and Science (DCABES). 2018. P. 181–183. https://doi.org/10.1109/DCABES.2018.00054
16. Wu H., Li C., Duan G. Research on a fuzzy algorithm for intelligent power-saving control of urban street lamps. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction. 2024. Vol. 177, No 1. P. 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.23.00010
17. Ai M., Wang P., Ma W. Research and application of smart streetlamp based on fuzzy control method. Procedia Computer Science. 2021. Vol. 183. P. 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.02.069
18. Shadli A. A. A., Hanafi D. Development of An Intelligence Street Light Using Fuzzy Logic in Control System. Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. 2020. Vol. 1, No 1. Article 1.
19. Shaheen H. I., Gapit M., Martinović A., Lešić V. Street Lighting Optimal Dimming with Model Predictive Control. 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). 2023. P. 8864–8869. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC49753.2023.10383919
20. Kolasa M. The concept of intelligent system for street lighting control using artificial neural networks. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny. 2016. Vol. 1, No 7. P. 34–39. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2016.07.05
21. Moretti F., Pizzuti S., Annunziato M., Panzieri S. Advanced Street Lighting Control through Neural Network Ensembling. SMART 2013, The Second International Conference on Smart Systems, Devices and Technologies. 2013. 76–81.
22. Radiometry and photometry in astronomy. URL: https://www.stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html (дата звернення: 10.04.2024).
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24. He H., Wang J., Wei H., Ye C., Ding Y. Fractal behavior of traffic volume on urban expressway through adaptive fractal analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 2016. Vol. 443. P. 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.10.004
25. Venkatanarayana R., Smith B. L., Demetsky M. J. Quantum-Frequency Algorithm for Automated Identification of Traffic Patterns. Transportation Research Record. 2007. Vol. 2024, No 1. P. 8–17. https://doi.org/10.3141/2024-02
26. Järv O., Ahas R., Saluveer E., Derudder B., Witlox F. Mobile Phones in a Traffic Flow: A Geographical Perspective to Evening Rush Hour Traffic Analysis Using Call Detail Records. PLOS ONE. 2012. Vol. 7, No 11. e49171. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049171
27. Zambrano-Martinez J. L., Calafate C. T., Soler D., Cano J.-C., Manzoni P. Modeling and Characterization of Traffic Flows in Urban Environments. Sensors. 2018. Vol. 18, No 7. Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072020
Copyright (c) 2024 Oleh Sinchuk, Oleksii Mykhailenko, Viktor Horshkov
Fuzzy control system for the electrical complex of street lighting in settlements
About the Authors
Oleh Sinchuk, Professor, Doctor in Technics (Doctor of Technic Sciences), Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, e-mail: sinchuk@knu.edu.ua, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7621-9979
Oleksii Mykhailenko, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, e-mail: mykhailenko@knu.edu.ua , ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2898-6652
Viktor Horshkov, Mining and Electromechanical College of Kryvyi Rih National University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, e-mail: horshkov@knu.edu.ua
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Saltykov, V.O. (2009). Osvitlennia mist: navch. posibnyk. [Lighting of cities: a textbook]. Kharkiv: KhNAMH [in Ukrainian].
2. Zovnishnie osvitlennia. Ofitsijnyj portal Kyieva : veb-sajt. [Outdoor lighting. Official portal of Kyiv: website]. Retrieved from: https://kyivcity.gov.ua/navkolyshnie_seredovyshche_mista/ vulychne_osvitlennia/zovnishnie_osvitlennia/ [in Ukrainian].
3. U Poltavs'kij hromadi zminyly hrafik zovnishn'oho osvitlennia: veb-sajt. [Outdoor lighting schedule changed in Poltava community]. (2024, April 10). Suspil'ne Poltava. Retrieved from: https://suspilne.media/poltava/540495-v-poltavskij-gromadi-zminili-grafik-zovnisnogo-osvitlenna/ [in Ukrainian].
4. Z 1 zhovtnia u Kryvomu Rozi zminiat' hrafik zovnishn'oho osvitlennia vulyts'. Rudana : veb-sajt. [Starting October 1, Kryvyi Rih will change its street lighting schedule] (2024, April 10). Rudana. Retrieved from: https://rudana.com.ua/news/z-1-zhovtnya-u-kryvomu-rozi-zminyat-grafik-zovnishnogo-osvitlennya-vulyc [in Ukrainian].
5. Alhamwi, A., Unaichi, C., & Medjroubi, W. (2021). Modeling Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Using Open Source Data Sets. ETG Congress 2021, 1–6. Retrieved from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9469640 [in English].
6. Kumar, S., Deshpande, A., Ho, S. S., Ku, J. S., & Sarma, S. E. (2016). Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Monitoring Using a Mobile Sensor Platform. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(12), 4981–4994. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2552249 [in English].
7. Liu, Y. (2018). Research on the Innovation of Urban Street Visualization Light Monitoring System based on GIS Technology. 2017 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computer (MACMC 2017), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.2991/macmc-17.2018.5 [in English].
8. Omar, A., AlMaeeni, S., Attia, H., Takruri, M., Altunaiji, A., Sanduleanu, M., Shubair, R., Ashhab, M. S., Al Ali, M., & Al Hebsi, G. (2022). Smart City: Recent Advances in Intelligent Street Lighting Systems Based on IoT. Journal of Sensors, 2022, e5249187. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5249187 [in English].
9. Kabir, M. H., Al Noman, A., Al Afiq, A., Raju, R. H., Hasan, M. N., & Ahmad. (2023). Design and Implement IoT-Based Intelligent Manageable Smart Street Lighting Systems for Future Smart City. Engineering Proceedings, 56(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15535 [in English].
10. Balázs, L., Braun, F., & Lengyel, J. (2023). Energy Saving Potential of Traffic-Regulated Street Lighting. Sustainability, 15(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086750 [in English].
11. Agramelal, F., Sadik, M., Moubarak, Y., & Abouzahir, S. (2023). Smart Street Light Control: A Review on Methods, Innovations, and Extended Applications. Energies, 16(21), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217415 [in English].
12. Yan, P., & Wang, J. (2022). Intelligent Street Light Control System Based on Fuzzy Control Technology. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science, 5(4). 35–40. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2022.050406 [in English].
13. Wang, J., & Yan, P. (2022). Intelligent Street Light Control System Based on Fuzzy Control Algorithm. Academic Journal of Computing & Information Science, 5(7). 27–32. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJCIS.2022.050705 [in English].
14. Satam, I. A. (2022). Fuzzy-based smart system for controlling road lights. Vojnotehnički Glasnik, 70(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg70-36670 [in English].
15. Zeng, J., Ni, W., Zhang, R., Shi, L., Guo, C., & Chen, Y. (2018). Intelligent Street Lamp Control System with Dynamic Light Control Function. 2018 17th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering and Science (DCABES), 181–183. https://doi.org/10.1109/DCABES.2018.00054 [in English].
16. Wu, H., Li, C., & Duan, G. (2024). Research on a fuzzy algorithm for intelligent power-saving control of urban street lamps. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction, 177(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.23.00010 [in English].
17. Ai, M., Wang, P., & Ma, W. (2021). Research and application of smart streetlamp based on fuzzy control method. Procedia Computer Science, 183, 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.02.069 [in English].
18. Shadli, A. A. A., & Hanafi, D. (2020). Development of An Intelligence Street Light Using Fuzzy Logic in Control System. Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1(1), Article 1 [in English].
19. Shaheen, H. I., Gapit, M., Martinović, A., & Lešić, V. (2023). Street Lighting Optimal Dimming with Model Predictive Control. 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 8864–8869. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC49753.2023.10383919
20. Kolasa, M. (2016). The concept of intelligent system for street lighting control using artificial neural networks. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 1(7), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2016.07.05
21. Moretti, F., Pizzuti, S., Annunziato, M., & Panzieri, S. (2013). Advanced Street Lighting Control through Neural Network Ensembling. SMART 2013, The Second International Conference on Smart Systems, Devices and Technologies, 76–81.
22. Radiometry and photometry in astronomy. stjarnhimlen.se. Retrieved from: https://www.stjarnhimlen.se/comp/radfaq.html (Last accessed: 10.04.2024).
23. DBN V.2.5-28:2018 Pryrodne i shtuchne osvitlennia [DBN V.2.5-28:2018 Natural and artificial lighting]. Retrieved from: https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/DBN00078 [in Ukrainian].
24. He, H., Wang, J., Wei, H., Ye, C., & Ding, Y. (2016). Fractal behavior of traffic volume on urban expressway through adaptive fractal analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 443, 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.10.004 [in English].
25. Venkatanarayana, R., Smith, B. L., & Demetsky, M. J. (2007). Quantum-Frequency Algorithm for Automated Identification of Traffic Patterns. Transportation Research Record, 2024(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.3141/2024-02 [in English].
26. Järv, O., Ahas, R., Saluveer, E., Derudder, B., & Witlox, F. (2012). Mobile Phones in a Traffic Flow: A Geographical Perspective to Evening Rush Hour Traffic Analysis Using Call Detail Records. PLOS ONE, 7(11), e49171. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049171 [in English].
27. Zambrano-Martinez, J. L., Calafate, C. T., Soler, D., Cano, J.-C., & Manzoni, P. (2018). Modeling and Characterization of Traffic Flows in Urban Environments. Sensors, 18(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072020 [in English].
Citations
1. Салтиков В.О. Освітлення міст: навч. посібник. Харків: ХНАМГ, 2009. 221 с.
2. Зовнішнє освітлення. Офіційний портал Києва : веб-сайт. URL: https://kyivcity.gov.ua/navkolyshnie_seredovyshche_mista/vulychne_osvitlennia/zovnishnie_osvitlennia/ (дата звернення: 10.03.2024).
3. У Полтавській громаді змінили графік зовнішнього освітлення. Суспільне Полтава : веб-сайт. URL: https://suspilne.media/poltava/540495-v-poltavskij-gromadi-zminili-grafik-zovnisnogo-osvitlenna/ (дата звернення: 10.03.2024).
4. З 1 жовтня у Кривому Розі змінять графік зовнішнього освітлення вулиць. Рудана : веб-сайт. URL: https://rudana.com.ua/news/z-1-zhovtnya-u-kryvomu-rozi-zminyat-grafik-zovnishnogo-osvitlennya-vulyc (дата звернення: 10.03.2024).
5. Alhamwi A., Unaichi C., Medjroubi W. Modeling Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Using Open Source Data Sets. ETG Congress 2021. 2021. P. 1–6. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9469640
6. Kumar S., Deshpande A., Ho S. S., Ku J. S., Sarma S. E. Urban Street Lighting Infrastructure Monitoring Using a Mobile Sensor Platform. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2016. Vol. 16, No 12. P. 4981–4994. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2552249
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